Unlike canine and feline patients, rabbits do not have a distinct vertical or horizontal ear canal. The external ear possesses cartilaginous plates and a blind-ending diverticulum which is separated...
When the phospholipid (PLA2) layer of the cell membrane of tissue is injured or damaged, it leads to the activation and release of inflammatory mediators. These create an acidic environment referred...
Rabbits constantly scan their environment, and at the first sign of danger, will attempt to flee (Varga, 2016). If this is not possible, the rabbit will hide, become silent, and mask signs of illness...
All procedures were performed in compliance with relevant laws and institutional guidelines and the research project was approved by University Centre Askham Bryan ethics committee. All owners gave...
Annually, more pets are euthanased, abandoned or rehomed for behavioural reasons than as a result of medical problems (Overall, 2013); and the majority of these animals are under 3 years of age. This...
In human medicine, electricity for pain relief has been around since the mid-1800s. Electrical stimulation for pain was not fully accepted by the medical community until a 1965 publication by Melzack...
There is a general consensus among veterinary professionals that rabbits are at a greater risk of mortality than canines or felines when hospitalised for veterinary treatment (Lewis, 2010; Wenger,...
Increased recognition of the significance of animal pain and the necessity to control it has led to veterinary professionals looking to human medicine for guidance in how to quantify pain, a...
The physical environment should provide opportunities for maintenance of homeostasis and for the range of normal behaviours to be shown. Similarly the presence (or absence) of other chelonians may...
Pain can be described as an awareness of an unpleasant sensation associated with actual or potential physical trauma and tissue damage (Merskey and Bogduk, 1994). The term pain refers to the conscious...
Pain is both an individual and a subjective experience. An accurate assessment of pain is crucial to relieve animal suffering as part of our veterinary oath. Pain can be acute and chronic. Acute pain...
Pre-emptive analgesia is analgesia given before the pain response is triggered with the aim of avoiding ‘wind up’, the development of peripheral and central sensitisation (Lantz, 2003). Stimulation of...
The prospective, cross-sectional study design allowed for the collection and evaluation of expert opinions on reptile pain perception through the use of an online survey, via Survey Gizmo. An initial...
Pain is defined as a sensory and emotional experience caused by actual or potential damage to tissue (The International Association for the Study of Pain, 1994). The sensory aspect of pain can be...