Skin cytology for the veterinary nurse

The first step in the investigation of any skin problem involves the taking of a thorough general and dermatological history followed by a physical and dermatological examination. These procedures should be undertaken in every case, as they allow the clinician to formulate a list of differential diagnoses and an appropriate list of diagnostic procedures. Skin scrapes and hair plucks are important as part of the investigation for ectoparasites. However acetate tape impression smears, direct and indirect impression smears and fine needle aspirates are crucial to assess skin cytology. Stained swabs of ear discharge can help identify aural pathogens (Miller et al, 2013). Cytology can identify the cell types involved in the disease process to decide if the skin condition is inflammatory or neoplastic, as well as the presence of bacteria and yeast.

The choice of diagnostic technique will depend on the type of lesion that is presented. Where the lesion is superficial, such as an area of erythema, erosion, ulceration or primary lesions like papules or pustules, then acetate tape impression smears and direct and indirect smears are most useful. Where lesions are nodular then a fine needle aspirate is the diagnostic test of choice. Where the examination of otic cytology is needed samples of discharge can be taken from the ear using a swab. Basic investigative steps for cytology are low cost and quick and easy to undertake, however they consistently yield diagnostic information that can help with the management of the case (Sharkey et al, 2014).