To identify early if a surgical wound is at risk of postoperative complications, RVNs need to be aware of risk factors that can increase complication rates for the patient before any surgery is...
Certain breeds tend to give birth several days early while still producing fully formed neonates. Smaller breeds commonly produce immature puppies (Figure 1), even after a full-term pregnancy...
Reptiles do not benefit from 100% oxygen during recovery because their stimulus to breathe is a lowered PaO2 (hypoxia). Providing 100% oxygen can lead to apnoea (Hedley, 2022). To stimulate...
Chocolate is made from the fermented, dried then roasted beans of Theobroma cacao (Figure 1). After roasting, the shell is removed, and the remaining nibs are ground to cocoa mass which is liquefied...
Complete urinalysis consists of three elements: Gross examChemical examSediment exam.
In human medicine, doctors can rely on their patient's ability to communicate where the pain is and how much pain they are in, however, we cannot communicate in the same language as animals and so we...
Diabetes mellitus impairs the body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine (Niaz...
Feline blood types are determined using the AB blood system, which consists of three blood groups: A, B or AB. The clinical significance of feline blood groups is mainly because of the high level of...
Canine atopic dermatitis is diagnosed initially with the clinical evaluation of a combination of criteria that are closely associated with the disease (DeBoer and Hillier, 2001). Once it is certain...
Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS).
