Myerscough College, Myerscough Hall, Bilsborrow, Preston PR3 0RY, UK
Tooth extraction can be achieved using a closed or open (surgical) technique. As Reiter (2019) stated, ‘the principles of tooth extraction are to reduce or eliminate the retentive factors that hold a...
Blood samples are commonly obtained from the jugular, cephalic or lateral saphenous veins; the medial saphenous vein can also be used, and in general the use of the jugular vein is recommended. The...
Following initial examination and diagnostics the VS will have established issues with hydration, tissue perfusion and fluid volume or loss, will prioritise their aims or goals, will select the most...
All patients receiving enteral nutrition should have a nutritional requirement calculation completed and reviewed daily, and it is ideal to record this on a nutrition calculation chart to refer back...
Figure 1 is an example of an adult canine dental chart, where the patient's details are recorded in the boxes in the top left-hand corner of the paper. A good chart will have open mouth views of...
A tumour is defined as an abnormal growth or swelling (Niemiec et al, 2017), and oral tumours are either malignant or benign and are of odontogenic (arising from tissues that give origin to teeth) or...
A RL is a hard tissue defect which most veterinary practitioners first identify when it reaches the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and at this stage it can be identified by visual and/or tactile...
Guptill (2015) expressed that the primary goal of all veterinary professionals is keeping their patients healthy, and a large focus in relation to maintaining their health in practice concerns the...
Every tooth is covered by a pellicle, which is an acellular membrane coating the enamel surface; plaque is able to adhere to this pellicle. Salivary glycoproteins and typically...
Increased recognition of the significance of animal pain and the necessity to control it has led to veterinary professionals looking to human medicine for guidance in how to quantify pain, a...
Pre-emptive analgesia is analgesia given before the pain response is triggered with the aim of avoiding ‘wind up’, the development of peripheral and central sensitisation (Lantz, 2003). Stimulation of...
Gracis (2013) outlined the physiology of the oral structures, summarising the following as the main functions:.