Woolf (2011) defined the three types of pain as: neurological, this stems from the nervous system because of abnormal function; nociceptive, this is a result of a noxious stimulus damaging the...
Laser therapy or photobiomodulation is a photochemical process in which light from a laser interacts with cells and causes stimulation or other biochemical changes (Pryor and Millis, 2015). Depending...
Key to helping students learn is to understand them as learners: how they learn and the difficulties they encounter. SVNs are ‘adult learners’ (Knowles 1984a; Knowles et al, 2005), which means they...
Bites and scratches leading to compromise of the skin barrier can in turn, lead to the introduction of bacteria and ringworm. Cat bites and scratches are a particular risk for Bartonella henselae (the...
IMHA is the most common reason for haemolytic anaemia in canine patients, however it is uncommon in cats (Woolcock and Scott-Moncrieff, 2019). Breeds including Springer Spaniels, Cocker Spaniels, Old...
Tooth extraction can be achieved using a closed or open (surgical) technique. As Reiter (2019) stated, ‘the principles of tooth extraction are to reduce or eliminate the retentive factors that hold a...
The rising trend of pet obesity is concerning for both veterinary practices and pet owners, affecting the health, longevity and quality of life of cats and dogs. However, there are actions that can be...
Coproantigen or faecal flotation can be used as an alternative to routine preventative treatment for intestinal nematodes as long as testing is carried out at least four times a year and the client...
Cyanobacteria occur in both freshwater and marine environments. Under certain environmental conditions cyanobacteria can quickly form extensive and often visible growths or blooms. These most commonly...
Seizure is a broad term, but in veterinary medicine most commonly refers to a clinical manifestation of excessive hyperexcitability in the cerebral cortex (Meland and Carrera-Justiz, 2018). This...
As discussed in part one of this article, an important disease process to consider with corneal ulcers is keratomalacia (Figure 2). Keratomalacia is the enzymatic destruction of the corneal stroma,...
