The veterinary surgeon will decide when anaesthesia is necessary — this may be at the time of injury or may not be until the patient has been stabilised, which may take a few hours or even days.
The brain, along with cerebrospinal fluid and intracranial blood, make up the cranial space, which is all enclosed by skull (Elias et al, 2019). The pressure within the skull, the intracranial...
Although young patients are capable of rapid repair, it was stated by Rigotti and Brearley (2016) that these patients have a reduced capacity to compensate in response to physiological changes that...
Premedication can be a useful tool in small mammal medicine. The use of a premedicant can sedate the patient, reducing stress on induction, and some drugs may have an anaesthetic-sparing effect,...
Supraglottic airway devices (SGADs) were developed for use in human anaesthesia to offer a simple and effective alternative to endotracheal intubation. SGADs are defined as devices that ventilate...
The operating room (OR) is acknowledged to be one of the most complex work environments in human health care, so it is perhaps unsurprising that it has such a high potential for complications...
There is a growing body of evidence in human medicine regarding pain management in critically ill people, and this supports the notion that effective pain management in humans decreases morbidity and...
Thermoreceptors are found centrally and peripherally. Peripheral receptors are located in the skin and central receptors are located in the hypothalamus, spinal cord, brain stem, abdominal organs and...
The behavioural signals that may indicate pain in cats may include (but are not limited to): changes in activity; agitation; aggression; altered appetite; altered interaction with family members;...
