The heart contains four chambers, the left and right atria and left and right ventricles. These four chambers receive and send blood through several vessels and valves to keep the body perfused with...
Fleas are laterally flattened, dark brown insects around 2–5 mm in size. Although fleas are wingless (Figure 1), they are highly mobile because of their strong hind legs adapted for jumping (Wright...
Muscle tissue is constantly undergoing both protein synthesis and protein breakdown, in both health and disease states. The balance between synthesis and breakdown processes determines whether...
The most common age for onset of clinical signs of developmental elbow disease is between 6 to 10 months of age, however some dogs only present as middle aged or older adults when they have advanced...
In ARDS inflammation is triggered by either a primary condition, such as septic shock or pancreatitis, or by a severe pulmonary insult which could include aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary contusions,...
On presentation, the patient was triaged to gauge his respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological status. The vital parameters were as follows:.
McMillan (2016) suggested that social animals that form strong relationships and are integrated most strongly into group living are most likely to survive, reproduce, and raise offspring to...
Triage is the process of categorising and prioritising patients based on their severity of condition. Nurses should be confident in their abilities to triage patients efficiently and categorise...
Calcium is crucial for skeletal bone support and numerous intra- and extracellular functions. It is involved in blood coagulation, excitation of neurons, secretion of hormones, enzyme activity and...
Domestic felines require specific dietary components in comparison to domestic canines. Felines are obligate carnivores; a term which defines their inability to synthesise vitamin A, arachidonic acid...
Blood samples are commonly obtained from the jugular, cephalic or lateral saphenous veins; the medial saphenous vein can also be used, and in general the use of the jugular vein is recommended. The...
Pain is an unpleasant experience providing sensory and emotional components to actual or potential tissue damage (McKune et al, 2015)..