The renal system (comprising the kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra) is responsible for many functions that help maintain overall homeostasis. Its roles include fluid regulation, hormone...
The brain, along with cerebrospinal fluid and intracranial blood, make up the cranial space, which is all enclosed by skull (Elias et al, 2019). The pressure within the skull, the intracranial...
Cardiomyopathy is the main cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality in cats, and hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most commonly diagnosed form (Payne et al, 2015). Cats can often have...
Blood pressure is another assessment of cardiac function because it is reflective of appropriate cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (Schumacher, 2016). Cardiac output refers to the...
All puppies and kittens are infected with Toxocara canis and T. cati respectively, at, or shortly after birth (Overgaauw and Van Knapen, 2013). This occurs through transplacental (puppies) and...
Many different types of substances found in the home can have adverse effects on cardiac and cardiovascular function. If uncontrolled, these can lead to complications of cardiac damage and tissue...
The thymus is the first of the lymphoid organs to be formed during embryonic development. As in other mammals, the rabbit thymus provides the body with the T-cell population of lymphocytes. In most...
Close monitoring is vital to recognising changes that are indicative of patient deterioration. It allows time for intervention to avert an impending crisis. Instead of using a single one-off...
Complementary and alternative pain management therapies can be used for a number of conditions in canine patients, either alongside traditional medications or alone. The most notable indication for...
Nutrition is described as the processes of food utilisation by a plant or animal (Merriam-Webster, 2020). The terms macro and micronutrients refer to the volume of each that is required....
Once a wound is created, whether this be as a result of a surgical incision or trauma, the body's response will be to commence wound healing. The normal wound healing process occurs in three phases:...
