The mechanisms of many of the substances causing neurological effects is unknown. Few have a specific antidote, therefore management in most cases is supportive, with the focus on controlling or...
Good nutritional support of hospitalised dogs and cats improves recovery from illness, reduces mortality and improves responses to trauma and stress (Chan, 2004). The purpose of providing nutritional...
Patients that have a tracheostomy tube in situ need continual monitoring 24 hours a day. This high level of monitoring is required as patients are at risk of obstruction, occlusion or tube...
Premedication can be a useful tool in small mammal medicine. The use of a premedicant can sedate the patient, reducing stress on induction, and some drugs may have an anaesthetic-sparing effect,...
Demonstration of ocular pain is species and patient specific. Prey species tend to hide ophthalmic pain well as do certain dog breeds, notably many of the terriers. Of increasing importance is the...
An assessment of the dog's ear condition prior to attempting to take a sample is important to try to gain an understanding of the severity of the otitis. While some infections such as with Malassezia...
Veterinary practices may stock a number of different ear preparations and cleaners based on first- and second-line preferences, which may be set out by a practice protocol or guidelines. In many...
Biofilms are found on a variety of living and non-living surfaces; recent studies have shown that biofilms can present on numerous medical consumables and devices, such as urinary catheters,...
The distribution of TBEV is closely related to the activity of its tick vectors. These are Ixodes ricinus (Figure 1) in Western and Central Europe and Ixodes persulcatus in Central and Eastern Europe....
Assessing the spread, or metastasis, of a primary malignant neoplasm is known as staging. This often involves sampling or removing the drainage lymph node adjacent to the affected site in combination...
Cheyletiellosis is typically a very mild, but highly contagious skin condition caused by surface living Cheyletiella spp. mites. They can affect many species but are not thought to be host specific;...
There are several known causes of KCS in dogs, including: immune-mediated, congenital, metabolic, infectious, drug-induced, neurogenic, radiation, iatrogenic, and idiopathic (Dodi, 2015)..