The Rule of 20 is a list of parameters that are recommended to be evaluated daily or more often in a critical patient (Kirby, 2016). The Rule of 20 can be used as part of a nursing care plan to help...
The physical environment should provide opportunities for maintenance of homeostasis and for the range of normal behaviours to be shown. Similarly the presence (or absence) of other chelonians may...
Even the owners of highly sociable indoor cats will describe the frequent tendency of their cat to actively desire periods of solitary independence. This level of freedom to remove themselves from the...
CKD may be influenced by genetic, individual and environmental factors (Jepson, 2016). Decline in kidney function is considered normal in ageing animals (Polzin, 2011), however incidences of CKD in...
Malocclusion can be defined as the abnormal positioning of teeth. It is important to understand, therefore, what is considered normal occlusion in cats and dogs (AVDC, 2017)..
It is common practice to starve the patient for 8 hours prior to surgery if the patient is to undergo a general anaesthetic (King, 2014)..
A dog's natural response to a novel encounter with a stimulus (whatever it is) is one of preparatory arousal (Gray, 1987) — it is this initiation of a stress response that will enable an appropriate...
Strategies to limit parasitic disease rely on a combination of practical control measures and preventative drug treatments; these form the basis of parasite-control protocols for individual pets....
The Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) is designed to protect countries against the introduction of zoonotic disease. This legislation also serves two-fold to protect pets from disease, but there is...
Stress is an emotional and physiological response to change in an animal's environment (Mills et al, 2013). Such change is brought about by the presence of a ‘stressor’ which can be a stimulus that is...
Most dogs with CAD as their primary cause for ear disease develop otitis between 1 and 5 years of age with 31% presenting with ear disease before 12 months of age (Zur et al, 2011). Breed incidence...
Many precautions and techniques utilised in the placement of central venous catheters are directed at preventing CRBSI. The common types of central venous catheters are over-the-needle,...