You are a small animal registered veterinary nurse working in a referral practice. Your practice has seen a high incidence of UTIs in canine patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Recognising...
Increasing numbers of imported rescue cats and dogs have been seen over the past few years, with an associated risk of exotic pathogens entering the UK. The European Scientific Counsel for Companion...
Therapeutic hypothermia is applied via cooling of the blood in the cardiopulmonary bypass machine (Kanemoto, 2014). This reduces the metabolic rate and oxygen demand from the tissues reducing risk of...
The development of canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity indices extrapolated from human medicine offer a quantifiable and repeatable measure of monitoring response to treatment. The most...
CO2 within the body can be measured either directly via arterial sampling, which gives us the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2), or indirectly via capnography. PaCO2 readings are...
Internal parasites live inside the animal's body, in different locations including the small intestine, the lung, the heart, the subcutaneous tissue or even inside the eye. The majority of internal...
Preventative medicine (which does not just include nutrition) can be subdivided into three parts:.
Non-erosive IMPA is typically induced by a type III hypersensitivity reaction where immune complexes collect in the joint space. Immune complexes are derived from bound antigen–antibody formations and...
An assessment of cardiovascular function in the patient can easily be performed using subjective methods such as mucous membrane colour, capillary refill time, pulse rate and quality, peripheral and...
Primary (hereditary) glaucoma is a congenital abnormality causing a malfunction and malformation of the eye/s, reducing the flow of aqueous humour and often slowly increasing intraocular pressure over...
The four main causes of joint pain in dogs are:.
A seizure is a clinical manifestation of excessive hyperexcitability in the cerebral cortex. There is a lot of electrical activity going on in the brain and it is not being coordinated in the way it...