Both puppies and kittens are born with a low percentage of body fat, and so require a high-fat diet to increase body fat to around 22% by adulthood (Case et al, 2011). The polyunsaturated omega 3...
NPWT promotes wound healing by delivering negative pressure (a vacuum) at a wound site through an applied dressing. The wound edges are drawn together (Goldsworthy and Mcalinden, 2011), any infectious...
Historically, surgical hand antisepsis has been carried out using either chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) or povidone iodine (PI) alongside water and a scrubbing brush (Figures 1,2 and 3). Many studies...
Identification of a particular fungus or fungal fragments is notoriously difficult, particularly if it has been chewed or broken. It may be possible to call on the expertise of a local mycologist, but...
This disease has a simple pathophysiology (Figure 1). Once the flea starts feeding, the flea's saliva compounds act as proteinic antigens or haptens (incomplete antigens), which when combined with the...
Acquired nutritional deficiencies due to poorly prepared or unbalanced diets are rare in modern times due to the high quality and regulation of commercial foods in developed countries (Miller, 1989;...
The pre-anaesthetic period is extremely important to ensure successful anaesthesia. This section will cover what it should include..
Pain is both an individual and a subjective experience. An accurate assessment of pain is crucial to relieve animal suffering as part of our veterinary oath. Pain can be acute and chronic. Acute pain...
Recent research shows that the lifetime risk of cancer is now 1 in every 2 people born since the early 1960s (Ahmad et al, 2015; Cancer Research UK, 2016). Cancer is estimated to affect up to 1 in...
Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’) can be defined as the process of sending a message from one individual to another with the purpose of modifying the behaviour of the...
Lipid infusion therapy is the intravenous infusion of a parenteral lipid formulation which is usually used as part of parenteral nutrition as a source of calories and essential fatty acids. The lipid...
The prevalence of CanL in endemic regions (Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, France, Italy, Malta, Portugal, and Spain) and its expansion towards new, non-endemic locations has increased in recent...