All pet foods are heavily marketed, even those that say they do not like marketing, are marketing to a specific market. The terms ‘natural’ and ‘hypoallergenic’ are not regulated, and therefore can be...
Ingredients vary from manufacturer to manufacturer but most commercially produced feed will contain wheat, calcium carbonate, maize, soya, sunflower seed, and salt. Often shell grit, marigold flowers...
The chain of events involved in I/R injury can be broken down into the ischaemic cascade (Box 1) and reperfusion injury (Box 2) An ischaemic episode involves a series of events called the ischaemic...
Despite initial ROSC in up to 45% of animals, many will re-arrest and die or be euthanased (McIntyre et al, 2014). It is imperative that post cardiac arrest care is optimised as it may positively...
The importance of companion rabbits for comfort, safety and to alleviate boredom cannot be underestimated. As prey species, an extra set of eyes on the lookout for predators can literally mean the...
To understand the effect of sensory loss it is first important to appreciate how dogs use their senses. A summary of the key characteristics of the canine senses of smell, hearing and sight is given...
The pituitary gland is an endocrine organ at the base of the brain (Figure 1a and 1b). This gland secretes several hormones, including GH, which are required for effective homeostasis. Feline HST is...
It is true that many wounds heal despite the management adopted. This may explain the persistence of many old fashioned and out dated products found on shelves in many clinics and cupboards in...
VNs should groom their patients preoperatively to reduce contamination, to reduce excess hair, skin scales and external parasites and subsequently reduce the degree of contamination in theatre and...
Immediate consideration of the patient's major body systems should be performed; this involves assessment of the ABC's — airway, breathing and circulation. These parameters should be examined in all...
Sensory impairment, may it be visual or auditory, is likely to be present to some degree in the geriatric cat (Kerrigan, 2015). With this in mind, slow and gentle handling must be implemented....
Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is defined as a failure of effective circulation and ventilation. This leads to reduced tissue oxygenation and organ damage and emergency intervention can be life saving....