Translocation of endogenous microbial flora is the most common route of surgical site infection. Skin preparation and aseptic techniques aim to reduce or eliminate the growth of resident and transient...
The anaesthetic plan must aim for maternal and neonatal survival, presenting a unique challenge to the anaesthetist. Exposure of the fetuses to anaesthetic drugs, since many cross the placenta...
Caries (Figure 2) form as a result of a process called ‘inorganic demineralisation’ of the enamel caused by the fermentation of plaque bacteria within the oral cavity. These bacteria use the...
Clinical examination found tachypnoea, mild dyspnoea, pale pink mucus membranes, a capillary refill time of 2 seconds, heart rate (HR) 150 bpm, clear chest auscultation, no obvious fractures,...
The ultimate nutritional goal is to provide cats with complete and balanced nutrition appropriate to the life stage and individual, which would include a thorough nutritional assessment. The screening...
In 2014, approximately 500 000 hamsters were kept as pets in the UK, according to estimates from the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (Mancinelli and Bament, 2014). There are many breeds of...
Blood pressure is a measure of cardiac output and systolic vascular resistance. A decrease in blood pressure can occur in a response to a drop in cardiac output, such as serious haemorrhage, a poorly...
Lucy was a 3 year and 2 month old, female neutered Cockapoo. The chief presenting complaint was lethargy and exercise intolerance associated with severe bradycardia at 30 beats per minute (bpm) noted...
To understand how a dog becomes incontinent it is important to first understand the physiology of normal micturition (the act of urinating). Urinary continence requires coordination between the...
Arthritis is often seen in guinea pigs that are suffering from hypovitaminosis C (scurvy) as this results in intra-articular haemorrhage (Witkowska et al, 2017). It has also been noted in those...
Hepatozoonosis caused by H. canis is often subclinical or characterized by non-specific clinical signs, i.e. fever, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy and haematobiochemical alterations,...
Gastric dilatation volvulus is characterised by gastric distension and pyloric rotation, most commonly clockwise, between 90 and 360°. Often the spleen is displaced concomitantly to the right ventral...