An assessment of cardiovascular function in the patient can easily be performed using subjective methods such as mucous membrane colour, capillary refill time, pulse rate and quality, peripheral and...
Primary (hereditary) glaucoma is a congenital abnormality causing a malfunction and malformation of the eye/s, reducing the flow of aqueous humour and often slowly increasing intraocular pressure over...
The four main causes of joint pain in dogs are:.
A seizure is a clinical manifestation of excessive hyperexcitability in the cerebral cortex. There is a lot of electrical activity going on in the brain and it is not being coordinated in the way it...
Translocation of endogenous microbial flora is the most common route of surgical site infection. Skin preparation and aseptic techniques aim to reduce or eliminate the growth of resident and transient...
The anaesthetic plan must aim for maternal and neonatal survival, presenting a unique challenge to the anaesthetist. Exposure of the fetuses to anaesthetic drugs, since many cross the placenta...
Caries (Figure 2) form as a result of a process called ‘inorganic demineralisation’ of the enamel caused by the fermentation of plaque bacteria within the oral cavity. These bacteria use the...
Clinical examination found tachypnoea, mild dyspnoea, pale pink mucus membranes, a capillary refill time of 2 seconds, heart rate (HR) 150 bpm, clear chest auscultation, no obvious fractures,...
The ultimate nutritional goal is to provide cats with complete and balanced nutrition appropriate to the life stage and individual, which would include a thorough nutritional assessment. The screening...
In 2014, approximately 500 000 hamsters were kept as pets in the UK, according to estimates from the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (Mancinelli and Bament, 2014). There are many breeds of...
Blood pressure is a measure of cardiac output and systolic vascular resistance. A decrease in blood pressure can occur in a response to a drop in cardiac output, such as serious haemorrhage, a poorly...
Lucy was a 3 year and 2 month old, female neutered Cockapoo. The chief presenting complaint was lethargy and exercise intolerance associated with severe bradycardia at 30 beats per minute (bpm) noted...