In the UK, opioids are classified as ‘controlled drugs’ due to their propensity for abuse. This means that the purchase, storage and use of opioids are legally regulated. The degree of regulation is...
It must however be noted that this acronym does not necessarily describe all of the signs that may be associated with CDS in dogs since an increase in anxiety, a decrease in hygiene, altered appetite...
From the nursing point of view the position of the animal and the settings of the specific equipment (camera, light source, monitor and insufflator) are of particular interest. Patients are positioned...
Promising data from the AAHA compliance survey suggest that owners are often willing to follow nutritional recommendations, particularly when they understand that these measures are beneficial for...
Tapeworms of cats and dogs have a complex life cycle, requiring an intermediate host. The adult tapeworm is found in the intestine, attached to the intestinal wall. Eggs or proglottid segments...
The body contains two adrenal glands which lie close to the kidneys. The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system and help to produce several hormones. Glucocorticoids are released by the...
Cats tend to hide pain as a protective mechanism and as a result their behaviour in response to pain is more subtle than in other species such as dogs (Capner et al, 1999). In addition, cats will...
When an animal does not receive adequate calories to meet energy requirements, amino acids are mobilised from lean body mass to compensate for that calorie deficit. This is the body's quick solution...
The patient was presented with a history of frequent unproductive squatting in the litter tray for the last 48 hours, off food and vomiting, leading to collapse..
History taking is very important as it can help to establish some important points. Table 1 outlines some of the questions to ask. These will help formulate a differential diagnosis list..
The gastrointestinal tract has a high metabolic rate and is composed mostly of cells that have a short life. Early enteral nutrition (EEN) contributes to improved gastrointestinal (GI) function,...
