To understand how a dog becomes incontinent it is important to first understand the physiology of normal micturition (the act of urinating). Urinary continence requires coordination between the...
Arthritis is often seen in guinea pigs that are suffering from hypovitaminosis C (scurvy) as this results in intra-articular haemorrhage (Witkowska et al, 2017). It has also been noted in those...
Hepatozoonosis caused by H. canis is often subclinical or characterized by non-specific clinical signs, i.e. fever, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy and haematobiochemical alterations,...
Gastric dilatation volvulus is characterised by gastric distension and pyloric rotation, most commonly clockwise, between 90 and 360°. Often the spleen is displaced concomitantly to the right ventral...
Although this paper focuses on pre-anaesthesia preparation, it is important to understand factors that affect complications related to anaesthesia. Several studies have been published determining the...
A common antifreeze ingredient is ethylene glycol (also known as ethanediol). It is not toxic itself, but is metabolised to toxic compounds by the action of alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme oxidises...
In modern general practice, because of regular use of efficient ectoparasiticides, the main cause of ectoparasite-linked pruritus likely to be encountered is a hypersensitivity to flea saliva, as...
The pre-anaesthetic phase comprises a thorough pre-anaesthetic evaluation to include a clinical history and a physical examination, as well as selecting the appropriate pre-anaesthetic drugs and...
The signs associated with Leishmania infection are immune-mediated and in dogs commonly include lymphadenopathy, alopecia, dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, dermal ulcers, anorexia, weight loss,...
Local burns are unlikely to lead to systemic derangements and aggressive therapy is not typically required. When the injury is directly witnessed, cold water can be applied to cool the wound. This...
Taking a thorough history is a cornerstone of exotic animal medicine: estimates of the prevalence of husbandry-related diseases vary depending on the study, but it is generally agreed that inadequate...
The climate crisis is the largest and most prolonged threat to global health ever described (Costello et al, 2009). The rising temperatures documented over recent centuries are attributed largely to...