Other diseases less commonly seen in rabbits include encephalitozoonosis (Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection) and pasteurellosis (Pasteurella multocida infection). E. cuniculi is a microscopic...
Veterinary nurses can play a crucial role in assisting with a full dermatological history to aid the diagnosis of any skin disease. As part of this, obtaining a full dietary history from owners is...
Small exotic mammals are prone to stress in hospital environments and should be given time to become accustomed to their unfamiliar surroundings. These species have high sympathetic tone that can...
The plethora of structures at acupuncture points such as: blood vessels, immunomodulatory cells and afferent nerve endings that respond to touch, pressure, pain, and chemical changes; muscles; glands;...
A successful outcome of an emergency patient is more likely where quick and appropriate action is taken. This is dictated by the initial observation and clinical examination. Triage is a way of...
As with any medical intervention, there are always risks of complications and this is no different with nutritional interventions. Minimising such risks depends on regular nutritional assessment,...
Veterinary nurses can play an important role in helping to identify animals that might benefit from behavioural help and, potentially, behaviourally-active medication. They are likely to come across...
The European adder, Vipera berus berus is the only venomous snake native to the UK where it is a protected species. The adder generally only bites when provoked (Figure 1), and bites rarely occur...
Any owner should be encouraged to do research if they are considering taking on a pet. A study by Winnepenninckx (2020) showed 65.5% of rabbit owners gain their information from online sources,...
The canine lens is approximately 7 mm thick, 10 mm in equatorial diameter, and has a volume of 0.5 ml (Samuelson, 2013); it divides anterior and posterior segments of the eye and is involved with...
There are a number of different factors that need to be taken into consideration when choosing the most appropriate short-acting behavourally-active drugs for an individual animal. These are outlined...
Adipose tissue is an active organ that produces a large range of hormones and protein factors called adipokines. One such hormone is leptin, which plays a pivotal role in reproduction. Leptin levels...