Hedgehogs may be infected by mites, fleas and ticks..
An adverse food reaction (AFR) describes an abnormal response as a result of ingestion of a food or food additive, with cutaneous adverse food reactions (CAFRs) — the main focus of this article —...
The selected species considered in this article are monogastric hindgut fermenters: they have a single, non-compartmentalised stomach, and a large caecum that is the site of microbial fermentation...
Luminous novelty items such as necklaces, glow sticks and glow bracelets, are often available at fair grounds and similar venues particularly at Halloween and Bonfire Night. They consist of...
Table 1 shows the different local anaesthetic drugs and the doses that can be used in locoregional blocks. A combination of these local anaesthetics and an opioid, can be used to form part of a...
Veterinary professionals are commonly taught that taurine, arachidonic acid and vitamin A cannot be derived from plant material and will need to be chemically synthesised (as with taurine) or be...
Other diseases less commonly seen in rabbits include encephalitozoonosis (Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection) and pasteurellosis (Pasteurella multocida infection). E. cuniculi is a microscopic...
Veterinary nurses can play a crucial role in assisting with a full dermatological history to aid the diagnosis of any skin disease. As part of this, obtaining a full dietary history from owners is...
Small exotic mammals are prone to stress in hospital environments and should be given time to become accustomed to their unfamiliar surroundings. These species have high sympathetic tone that can...
The plethora of structures at acupuncture points such as: blood vessels, immunomodulatory cells and afferent nerve endings that respond to touch, pressure, pain, and chemical changes; muscles; glands;...
A successful outcome of an emergency patient is more likely where quick and appropriate action is taken. This is dictated by the initial observation and clinical examination. Triage is a way of...
As with any medical intervention, there are always risks of complications and this is no different with nutritional interventions. Minimising such risks depends on regular nutritional assessment,...