References

American Veterinary Medical Association. 2018 AVMA report on the market for veterinary services. 2018. https://tinyurl.com/ytnmxbd9 (accessed 1 February 2022)

Beerda B, Schilder MBH, van Hooff JARAM, de Vries HW. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 1997; 52:(3-4)307-319 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8

Boyd C, Jarvis S, McGreevy P, Heath S, Church D, Brodbelt D, O'Neill D. Mortality resulting from undesirable behaviours in dogs aged under three years attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Anim Welf. 2018; 27:(3)251-262 https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.27.3.251

British Veterinary Association (BVA). Coronavirus frequently asked questions. 2021. https://www.bva.co.uk/coronavirus/frequently-asked-questions/ (accessed 24 May 2021)

Calder CD, Albright JD, Koch C. Evaluating graduating veterinary students' perception of preparedness in clinical veterinary behavior for “Day-1” of practice and the factors which influence that perception: A questionnaire-based survey. J Vet Behav. 2017; 20:116-120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.05.001

Christiansen SB, Forkman B. Assessment of animal welfare in a veterinary context—A call for ethologists. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2007; 106:(4)203-220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.01.004

Christley RM, Murray JK, Anderson KL Impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown on management of pet dogs in the UK. Animals. 2021; 11:(1) https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010005

Csoltova E, Martineau M, Boissy A, Gilbert C. Behavioral and physiological reactions in dogs to a veterinary examination: owner-dog interactions improve canine well-being. Physiol Behav. 2017; 177:270-281 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.013

Diesel G, Brodbelt D, Pfeiffer DU. Characteristics of relinquished dogs and their owners at 14 rehoming centers in the United Kingdom. J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 2010; 13:(1)15-30 https://doi.org/10.1080/10888700903369255

Dogs Trust. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on dogs and dog owners in the UK. 2020. https://www.dogstrust.org.uk/help-advice/research/researchpapers/201020_covid%20report_v8.pdf (accessed 24 May 2021)

Döring D, Roscher A, Scheipl F, Küchenhoff H, Erhard MH. Fear-related behaviour of dogs in veterinary practice. Vet J. 2009; 182:(1)38-43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.006

Feilberg E, Corridan CL, Buckley LA. A cross-sectional survey of UK veterinary practices to determine prevalence of patient stress-reducing and welfare-enhancing approaches believed to be undertaken in companion animal practice. J Vet Behav. 2021; 43:14-23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.01.001

Golden O, Hanlon AJ. Towards the development of day one competences in veterinary behaviour medicine: survey of veterinary professionals experience in companion animal practice in Ireland. Ir Vet J. 2018; 71:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-018-0123-3

Behavioural first aid advice for canine patients. 2019. https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/review/article/behavioural-first-aid-advice-for-canine-patients (accessed 29 May 2021)

Hekman JP, Karas AZ, Dreschel NA. Salivary cortisol concentrations and behavior in a population of healthy dogs hospitalized for elective procedures. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2012; 141:(3-4)149-157 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.08.007

Hetts S, Heinke ML, Estep DQ. Behavior wellness concepts for general veterinary practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004; 225:(4)506-513 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.506

Herron ME, Shreyer T. The pet-friendly veterinary practice: a guide for practitioners. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2014; 44:(3)451-481 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.01.010

Holland KE, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Anderson KL More attention than usual: A thematic analysis of dog ownership experiences in the UK during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Animals. 2021; 11:(1) https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010240

Jonckheer-Sheehy V, Endenburg N. Research reveals a market for a veterinary behaviour clinic. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2009; 134:(21)890-892

Knesl O, Hart BL, Fine AH, Cooper L. Opportunities for incorporating the human-animal bond in companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016; 249:(1)42-44 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.249.1.42

Landsberg GM, Shaw J, Donaldson J. Handling behavior problems in the practice setting. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2008; 38:(5)951-969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.002

Landsberg GM, Tynes VV. Behavior: a guide for practitioners. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2014; 44:(3)xiii-xv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.02.001

Loftus L. Behavioural considerations in veterinary practice. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2014; 29:(5)166-169 https://doi.org/10.1111/vnj.12139

Lord MS, Casey RA, Kinsman RH Owner perception of problem behaviours in dogs aged 6 and 9-months. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2020; 232 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105147

Luño I, Palacio J, García-Belenguer S, González-Martínez Á, Rosado B. Perception of canine welfare concerns among veterinary students, practitioners, and behavior specialists in Spain. J Vet Med Educ. 2017; 44:(2)217-222 https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0516-097R1

Mills DS, Zulch H. Veterinary medicine and animal behaviour: barking up the right tree!. Vet J. 2010; 183:(2)119-120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.019

Murray JK, Kinsman RH, Lord MS ‘Generation Pup’ – protocol for a longitudinal study of dog behaviour and health. BMC Vet Res. 2021; 17:(1)1-17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02730-8

Nicholson SL, Meredith JE. Should stress management be part of the clinical care provided to chronically ill dogs?. J Vet Behav. 2015; 10:(6)489-495 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.09.002

O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England. Vet J. 2013; 198:(3)638-643 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020

Overall K. Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats.St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 2013

Overall KL. Why measuring and understanding “normal” behavior is essential. J Vet Behav. 2014; 9:(5)193-195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.08.001

Patronek GJ, Dodman NH. Attitudes, procedures, and delivery of behavior services by veterinarians in small animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999; 215:(11)1606-1611

The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. PAW PDSA animal wellbeing report. 2019. https://tinyurl.com/yckmtbyd (accessed 1 February 2022)

The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. PAW PDSA animal wellbeing report. 2020. https://tinyurl.com/2p88ee2c (accessed 1 February 2022)

Pet Food Manufacturers' Association. PFMA releases latest pet population data. 2021. https://tinyurl.com/yckp8fx6 (accessed 1 February 2022)

Roshier AL, McBride EA. Veterinarians' perceptions of behavioural support in small-animal practice. Vet Rec. 2013a; 172 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101124

Roshier AL, McBride EA. Canine behaviour problems: discussions between veterinary surgeons and dog owners during annual booster consultations. Vet Rec. 2013b; 172 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101125

Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. RCVS VN day one competences. 2014. https://tinyurl.com/5687967t (accessed 1 February 2022)

Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Day one competences. 2020. https://tinyurl.com/bdcneudd (accessed 1 February 2022)

Ryan L. How recognition and response to a patient's body language and behaviour can facilitate positive veterinary visits. The Veterinary Nurse. 2017; 8:(6)288-296 https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2017.8.6.288

Shalvey E, McCorry M, Hanlon A. Exploring the understanding of best practice approaches to common dog behaviour problems by veterinary professionals in Ireland. Ir Vet J. 2019; 72:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-019-0139-3

Sherman BL, Serpell JA. Training veterinary students in animal behavior to preserve the human-animal bond. J Vet Med Educ. 2008; 35:(4)496-502 https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.35.4.496

Stanford TL. Behavior of dogs entering a veterinary clinic. Appl Anim Ethol. 1981; 7:(3)271-279 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3762(81)90083-3

Van Vonderen IK, Kooistra HS, Rijnberk A. Influence of veterinary care on the urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 1998; 12:(6)431-435 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02146.x

Wickens SM. An overview of developments in the regulation of those treating behavioral disorders in animals in the United Kingdom. J Vet Behav. 2007; 2:(2)29-34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2007.01.003

Williams T, Carroll A, Montrose VT. Environmental methods used by veterinary centres to reduce stress of cats and dogs during practice visits. The Veterinary Nurse. 2019; 10:(1)47-52 https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2019.10.1.47

Yeates JW, Main DCJ. Veterinary surgeons' opinions on dog welfare issues. J Small Anim Pract. 2011; 52:(9)464-468 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01095.x

Yin S. Low stress handling, restraint and behavior modification of dogs and cats: techniques for developing patients who love their visits.Davis(CA): Cattledog Publishing; 2009

Canine behaviour medicine in UK small animal practice

02 February 2022
10 mins read
Volume 13 · Issue 1
Figure 1. Benefits and barriers to the delivery of behaviour medicine in general veterinary practice.

Abstract

Despite the advancements in the field of veterinary behaviour medicine, problem behaviours remain a leading cause for canine relinquishment and euthanasia in the UK and so should be of concern to veterinary professionals. This review aimed to critically evaluate the literature on the perceptions of the veterinary care team, including the veterinary practitioner and the veterinary nurse, of their roles in canine behaviour medicine. Additionally, the review discussed barriers to the delivery of behavioural medicine in practice and subsequently examined the benefits of applying a behaviour-centered approach to care. Despite revisions to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons curricula, inadequate behavioural training during undergraduate studies was identified as a primary barrier to the provision of behaviour support in practice by veterinarians and veterinary nurses. Furthermore, veterinary professionals frequently identified a lack of time to discuss, educate and diagnose behavioural problems. However, should the barriers to the provision of behavioural medicine be addressed, current literature suggests that the benefits of applying behaviour medicine to practice may include financial growth for the practice, workplace safety, improved perception from clients and ultimately improved animal welfare.

Despite advancements in the field of veterinary behaviour medicine, undesirable behaviours remain a leading cause of rehoming, relinquishment, and shelter euthanasia in the UK (Diesel et al, 2010; O'Neil et al, 2013; Boyd et al, 2018; Murray et al, 2021). The correlation between undesirable behaviours and canine relinquishment has persisted over several decades, and yet the literature has consistently demonstrated that routine behavioural assessment and canine behaviour management fail to be a standard of care in companion animal practice (Hetts et al, 2004; Christiansen and Forkman, 2007; Roshier and McBride, 2013a; Calder et al, 2017).

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic the UK reported 3.2 million newly acquired pets (Pet Food Manufacturers' Association (PFMA), 2021). Given the imposed lockdown restrictions to veterinary care (British Veterinary Association (BVA), 2021) and the surge in pet acquisition, the availability for veterinary behavioural support was further compromised. In response, impacts on canine health, behaviour and welfare were anticipated by the veterinary community (Dogs Trust, 2020; Christley et al, 2021; Holland et al, 2021). Concerns were substantiated following the results of the Dogs Trust (2020) COVID-19 assessment survey which found over a quarter of canine owners reported a new undesirable behaviour. Coincidingly, within the last 2 years, UK veterinary professionals have reported a 53% increase in dog owners seeking behavioural support, with 57% of practitioners reporting an increase in the number of behavioural cases seen (People's Dispensary of Sick Animals (PDSA), 2020).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting The Veterinary Nurse and reading some of our peer-reviewed content for veterinary professionals. To continue reading this article, please register today.