References

Beyersdorf F, Trummer G, Benk C, Pooth JS. Application of cardiac surgery techniques to improve the results of cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest: controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body. JTCVS Open. 2021; 8:(C)47-52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjon.2021.10.006

Bille C, Auvigne V, Libermann S, Bomassi E, Durieux P, Rattez E. Risk of anaesthetic mortality in dogs and cats: an observational cohort study of 3546 cases. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012; 39:(1)59-68 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00686.x

Boller M, Fletcher DJ. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 1: Evidence analysis and consensus process: collaborative path toward small animal CPR guidelines. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2012; 22:S4-S12 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00758.x

Boller M, Fletcher DJ, Brainard BM Utstein-style guidelines on uniform reporting of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs and cats. A RECOVER statement. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2016; 26:(1)11-34 https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12436

Braz LG, Braz DG, Cruz DS, Fernandes LA, Módolo NS, Braz JR. Mortality in anesthesia: a systematic review. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009; 64:(10)999-1006 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009001000011

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: administering fluids, oxygen, and drugs. 2012. https://vetfolio-vetstreet.s3.amazonaws.com/49/7f4260a02011e18eed005056ad4736/file/VT0812_Breton_CE.pdf (accessed 12 June 2023)

Donaldson L, Stevenson MA, Fletcher DJ, Gillespie Í, Kellett-Gregory L, Boller M. Differences in the clinical practice of small animal CPR before and after the release of the RECOVER guidelines: results from two electronic surveys (2008 and 2017) in the United States and Canada. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2020; 30:(6)615-631 https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13010

Fletcher DJ, Boller M. Update on small animal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2013; 43:(4)971-987 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.03.006

Fletcher DJ, Boller M, Brainard BM American College of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 7: clinical guidelines. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2012; 22:S102-S131 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00757.x

Gillespie Í, Fletcher DJ, Stevenson MA, Boller M. The compliance of current small animal CPR practice with RECOVER guidelines: an internet-based survey. Front Vet Sci. 2019; 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00181

Goldhill DR, Sumner A. Outcome of intensive care patients in a group of British intensive care units. Crit Care Med. 1998; 26:(8)1337-1345 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199808000-00017

Grubb T, Sager J, Gaynor JS 2020 AAHA anesthesia and monitoring guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2020; 56:(2)59-82 https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7055

Hoehne SN, Hopper K, Epstein SE. Prospective evaluation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed in dogs and cats according to the recover guidelines. Part 2: patient outcomes and CPR practice since guideline implementation. Front Vet Sci. 2019; 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00439

Kawase K, Ujiie H, Takaki M, Yamashita K. Clinical outcome of canine cardiopulmonary resuscitation following the RECOVER clinical guidelines at a Japanese nighttime animal hospital. J Vet Med Sci. 2018; 80:(3)518-525 https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0107

Kruppert A, Adamik K The clinical practice of small animal CPR and compliance with RECOVER guidelines in Switzerland: an internet-based survey. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2020; 162:(12)755-770 https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00281

McIntyre RL, Hopper K, Epstein SE. Assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 121 dogs and 30 cats at a university teaching hospital (2009-2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2014; 24:(6)693-704 https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12250

Portier K, Ida KK. The ASA physical status classification: what is the evidence for recommending its use in veterinary anesthesia?—A systematic review. Front Vet Sci. 2018; 5 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00204

Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Code of professional conduct for veterinary surgeons. 2012a. https://www.rcvs.org.uk/setting-standards/advice-and-guidance/code-of-professional-conduct-for-veterinary-surgeons/ (accessed 24 April 2022)

Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Code of professional conduct for veterinary nurses. 20212b. https://www.rcvs.org.uk/setting-standards/advice-and-guidance/code-of-professional-conduct-for-veterinary-nurses/ (accessed 24 April 2022)

Smarick SD, Haskins SC, Boller M, Fletcher DJ. RECOVER post-cardiac arrest care domain worksheet authors. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 6: post-cardiac arrest care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2012; 22:S85-S101 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00754.x

Ward MJ, Blong AE, Walton RA. Feline cardiopulmonary resuscitation: getting the most out of all nine lives. J Feline Med Surg. 2021; 23:(5)447-461 https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X211004811

Waxman C. RECOVER CPR for veterinary nurses. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2019; 34:(8)207-212 https://doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2019.1616640

Yagi K. How the RECOVER guidelines changed Veterinary CPR. NAVTA Journal. 2019; 43-47

Research

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in a UK veterinary hospital: pilot study

02 June 2023
Research
9 mins read
02 June 2023
Volume 14 · Issue 5
Table 1. The different species, breed, sex and age

Abstract

This retrospective study aimed to investigate cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in a UK veterinary hospital and compare these to values communicated in literature from other countries. Five years' worth of patient records, kept by one hospital, were examined over a one-month period. Clinical notes were reviewed to obtain key data and animals with incomplete data sets were not included. Results were statistically analysed. A sample of 114 records were reviewed; 89 canines, 25 felines. Initially, 21.9% of patients were revived following cardiopulmonary arrest with 6.1% of patients surviving to discharge. Location of resuscitation (P=0.003), type of compression used (open or closed) (P=0.005), and whether sustained return of spontaneous circulation was achieved (P=0.001) were variables of significance in relation to cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome. Overall, the study revealed cardiopulmonary resuscitation survival to discharge fell in line with statistics recorded in similar studies. Prospective studies would aid clinical auditing and robust use of recording sheets.

The 2012 Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) initiative produced evidence-based recommendations to guide professionals when performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on canine or feline patients (Boller and Fletcher, 2012; Yagi, 2019; Waxman, 2019). There were two main goals of the RECOVER initiative: to provide up-to-date evidence-based guidelines and to highlight the knowledge gap, at that time, in the hope of influencing future research.

Many resources specific to animals and beneficial in improving patient care were produced. These included drug dose charts and algorithm flow charts to aid decision making (Fletcher et al, 2012).

Although literature covers different aspects of CPR and its effectiveness, less commonly known are the mortality and survival rates for animals in veterinary care. In contrast, human medicine offers some insightful statistics in relation to survival following CPR. Patients who experience a cardiopulmonary arrest outside of the hospital setting have a survival rate of 8–10%. Those who are already within the hospital environment during cardiopulmonary arrest have a survival rate of up to 20% (Boller and Fletcher, 2012; Beyersdorf et al, 2021).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting The Veterinary Nurse and reading some of our peer-reviewed content for veterinary professionals. To continue reading this article, please register today.

Register
Or continue by

Signing in with your registered email address

cardiopulmonary resuscitation
canine
feline
cardiopulmonary arrest
clinical audit