Canine pericardial effusion — a veterinary nurse's guide

The pericardium is a double-layered thin, paper like membrane which is attached to the heart at the base. It forms a protective sac and usually contains 2–10 ml of clear, thin, serous fluid which...

Mitral valve disease and dilated cardiomyopathy in canines

Normal cardiovascular function provides the body with nutrients and removes metabolic waste. The heart is the pumping force behind this system, and is divided into two sides to prevent mixing of...