The anaesthetic plan must aim for maternal and neonatal survival, presenting a unique challenge to the anaesthetist. Exposure of the fetuses to anaesthetic drugs, since many cross the placenta...
The pre-anaesthetic phase comprises a thorough pre-anaesthetic evaluation to include a clinical history and a physical examination, as well as selecting the appropriate pre-anaesthetic drugs and...
Woolf (2011) defined the three types of pain as: neurological, this stems from the nervous system because of abnormal function; nociceptive, this is a result of a noxious stimulus damaging the...
When the phospholipid (PLA2) layer of the cell membrane of tissue is injured or damaged, it leads to the activation and release of inflammatory mediators. These create an acidic environment referred...
Pain is an unpleasant experience providing sensory and emotional components to actual or potential tissue damage (McKune et al, 2015)..
Although young patients are capable of rapid repair, it was stated by Rigotti and Brearley (2016) that these patients have a reduced capacity to compensate in response to physiological changes that...
Pancreatitis is described as the most common exocrine disease affecting both canines and felines (Steiner, 2020). Premature activation of digestive enzymes results in pancreatic autodigestion, leading...
The acute presentation patient will always demand the most attention from those in the practice and it will be necessary to consider whether the patient is dyspnoeic and/or has increased...
In a recent review, Hunt et al (2015) provided an overview of analgesia prescription in veterinary practice by use of questionnaire; they concluded that there has been a marked increase in...
Drug selection should be made on a case by case basis, considering pre-anaesthetic clinical findings, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status (Table 1), patient signalment, temperament and...
Increased recognition of the significance of animal pain and the necessity to control it has led to veterinary professionals looking to human medicine for guidance in how to quantify pain, a...
On admission the cat's vital parameters were determined: heart rate (HR) was 168 beats per minute and respiratory rate (RR) 48 breaths per minute (Table 1). This elevation in RR may have been due to...
Pain is a sensory and emotional response, therefore this would indicate that assessment of both areas should be considered during pain assessment by incorporating both physiological and behavioural...
