An assessment of cardiovascular function in the patient can easily be performed using subjective methods such as mucous membrane colour, capillary refill time, pulse rate and quality, peripheral and...
The term brachycephalic ocular syndrome (BOS) is used to describe the eye problems, associated with conformation (exophthalmia, shallow orbit, lagophthalmia, euryblepharon, trichiasis, medial lower...
‘Brachycephaly’ describes skulls with a high cephalic index (where width to length skull ratio is high). Genetic mutations in these breeds cause skull bones to grow shorter and wider, displaying a...
Many clients will be unaware of the extent that BOAS is effecting their pet. Some important questions to ask on admission include: respiratory noise at rest and when playing/exercising; how active...
Bacterial or yeast overgrowth is seen in skin fold areas because of the localised inflammation that occurs with skin fold abrasion. Microtrauma to the skin can occur purely through skin-to-skin...
Malocclusion can be defined as the abnormal positioning of teeth. It is important to understand, therefore, what is considered normal occlusion in cats and dogs (AVDC, 2017)..
In order to provide safe anaesthesia, the anaesthetist must be able to maintain adequate respiratory function (Grimm et al, 2015). Part of this entails securing a clear airway and endotracheal...