The aetiology of feline OA is different to that of canine OA. There is much less evidence to support OA secondary to developmental disease processes such as dysplasia, with one particular study citing...
Contrary to what might be assumed, actually any patient coming in to the veterinary clinic could be an end-of-life patient. A ‘healthy’ dog with behavioural issues, or two young feline companions...
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Bonica, 1979). Pain motivates withdrawal from...
Pure or full μ-agonists can produce maximal activation of the receptor when bound, and the subsequent cellular processes produce a maximal analgesic effect. Clinically, the full μ-agonist opioids are...
In the UK, opioids are classified as ‘controlled drugs’ due to their propensity for abuse. This means that the purchase, storage and use of opioids are legally regulated. The degree of regulation is...
Dogs with OA commonly present with abnormal gait, lameness, pain in affected joints, crepitus in extension or flexion of joints, exercise intolerance, muscle atrophy, and stiffness..
