Feline urethral obstruction is a potentially life-threatening condition. The maintenance and monitoring of the patient's electrolyte levels and fluid balance, and urinary catheter management, as well...
In the critical care setting, insult to the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems occurs from traumatic injuries. These wounds can be caused by many external factors and their classification takes...
The renal system (comprising the kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra) is responsible for many functions that help maintain overall homeostasis. Its roles include fluid regulation, hormone...
Blood pressure is another assessment of cardiac function because it is reflective of appropriate cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (Schumacher, 2016). Cardiac output refers to the...
Fluid balance refers to a state of total body water (TBW) homeostasis (Kirby and Rudloff, 2017). Physiologically speaking, the body's fluid compartments are divided between intracellular (ICF) and...
Many clients will be unaware of the extent that BOAS is effecting their pet. Some important questions to ask on admission include: respiratory noise at rest and when playing/exercising; how active...
On admission the foal was responsive, non-ambulatory and was carried to the stable. A holosystolic heart murmur was auscultated, with a heart rate of 116 beats per minute (bpm); (reference range...
It is common practice to starve the patient for 8 hours prior to surgery if the patient is to undergo a general anaesthetic (King, 2014)..
The patient had pale, tacky mucus membranes (MM) and a capillary refill time of 1–2 seconds. He had a heart rate (HR) of 224 beats per minute (bpm), with an irregular rhythm and weak peripheral...
The patient was found collapsed outside the owner's home and was presented to the hospital with cold extremities, profuse diarrhoea and active muscle tremors. The owner had applied a canine...
Henry was presented with acute onset respiratory distress. He had a 2 month history of exercise intolerance and breathlessness, but had developed a retching cough 4 days prior to presentation, and had...
According to Buffington et al (2006a), environmental modification should form part of FIC management. In their study many of the cats that presented with FIC signs spent their time indoors, with their...
Ideally all animals should be closely monitored (Table 1), including basic monitoring of temperature, pulse and respiration, until they are normal and the patient is able to lift their head. However,...
Canines who are admitted need a thorough and detailed history, enabling the veterinary surgeon to build up a picture of the dog's current routine. It is vital to gain information about the dog's...
