Urinary incontinence in dogs: pathophysiology and medical management

The bladder can be divided into the apex (apex vesicae), body (corpus vesicae), and neck (cervix vesicae). The trigone of the bladder (trigonum vesicae) is a triangular area on the dorsal aspect of...

Flea allergy dermatitis: the continued challenge

When feeding, fleas inject their saliva, which contains a variety of histamine-like compounds, enzymes, polypeptides, and various amino acids. These immunogenic (allergenic) molecules exhibit unusual...