When the osteoarthritic patient comes into the hospital or facility, they need to be provided with plenty of cushions and bedding suitable for arthritic joints and backs (Figure 1). Geriatric dogs...
Behaviours that the owner may see early during the disease are the dog sporadically reluctant to perform previous tasks or activities, such as jumping into the car, which never posed a problem before....
In human medicine, electricity for pain relief has been around since the mid-1800s. Electrical stimulation for pain was not fully accepted by the medical community until a 1965 publication by Melzack...
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Bonica, 1979). Pain motivates withdrawal from...