References

Archer J Urine analysis. In: Villiers E, Blackwood L Gloucester: BSAVA; 2010

Bubenik L, Hosgood G Urinary tract infection in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation and urinary bladder dysfunction managed by manual expression, indwelling catheterization or intermittent catheterization. Vet Surg. 2008; 37:791-800

Bubenik LJ, Hosgood GL, Waldron DR, Snow LA Frequency of urinary tract infection in catheterized dogs and comparison of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with urinary tract infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007; 231:893-9

Eydelnant IA, Tufenkji N Cranberry derived proanthocyanidins reduce bacterial adhesion to selected biomaterials. Langmuir. 2008; 24:(18)10273-81

Forrester D, Troy G, Dalton N, Huffman J, Holtzman G Retrospective evaluation of urinary tract infection in 42 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or diabetes mellitus or both. J Vet Intern Med. 1999; l13:557-60

German A. Abnormal renal palpation, 2nd. In: Elliot J, Grauer GF Gloucester: BSAVA; 2007

Gupta K, Chou MY, Howell A, Wobbe C, Grady R, Stapleton AE Cranberry products inhibit adherence of p-fimbriated Escherichia Coli to primary cultured bladder and vaginal epithelial cells. J Urol. 2007; 177:(6)2357-60

Hall JL, Holmes MA, Baines SJ Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of canine urinary tract pathogens. Vet Rec. 2013; l173:(22)

Howell AB, Griffin DW, Whalen MO Inhibition of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli adhesion in an innovational ex-vivo model in dogs receiving a bioactive cranberry tablet (crananidin) [abstract]. J Vet Intern Med. 2010; 24

Ihrke PJ, Norton AL, Ling GV, Stannard AA Urinary tract infection associated with long-term corticosteroid administration in dogs with chronic skin diseases. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985; l 186:(1)43-6

Jagger T Diagnosis of bacterial, fungal and mycobacterial diseases, 2nd. In: Villiers E, Blackwood L Gloucester: BSAVA; 2010

Ling G Therapeutic strategies involving antimicrobial treatment of the canine urinary tract. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984; 185:1162-4

Ling GV, Norris CR, Franti CE Interrelations of organism prevalence, specium collection method, and host age, sex, and breed among 8,354 canine urinary tract infection (1969-1995). J Vet Intern Med. 2001; 15:341-7

Lulich JP, Osborne CA Urine culture as a test for sure: why, when and how?. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2004; 34:1027-41

Milo G, Katchman E, Paul M, Christiaens T, Baerheim A, Leibovici L Duration of antibacterial treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005. 2005; 2

Nelson R, Couto C Small Animal Internal Medicine, 3rd. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2003

Norris C, Williams B, Ling G, Franti C, Johnson D, Ruby A. Recurrent and persistent urinary tract infections in dogs: 383 cases (1969–1995). J Am Animal Hosp Ass. 2000; l36:484-92

Olby N, MacKillop E, Cerda-Gonzalez S Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2010; 24:1106-11

Rosen DA, Hung CS, Kline KA, Hultgren SJ Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model of Urinary Tract Infection. Infection and Immunity. 2008; 76:(9)4290-8

Seguin M, Vaden S, Altier C, Stone E, Levine JF. Persistent urinary tract infections and reinfections in 100 dogs (1989–1999). J Vet Intern Med. 2003; l17:622-31

Senior DF. Management of urinary tract infections, 2nd. In: Elliot J, Grauer GF Gloucester: BSAVA; 2007

Smee N, Grauer GF, Schermerhorn T Investigations into the effect of cranberry extract on bacterial adhesion to canine uroepithelial cells [abstract]. J Vet Intern Med. 2011; 25

Smee N, Loyd K, Grauer GF UTIs in Small Animal Patients: Part 2: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2013; 49:83-94

Thompson M, Totsika M, Schembri M, Mills P, Seton E, Trott D Experimental colonisation of the canine urinary tract with the asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli strain 83972. Vet Microbiol. 2011; 147:(1)205-8

Torres SM, Diaz SF, Nogueira SA Frequency of urinary tract infection among dogs with pruritic disorders receiving longterm glucocorticoid treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005; 227:(2)239-43

Weese JS, Blondeau JM, Boothe D Antimicrobial use guidelines for treatment of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats: antimicrobial guidelines working group of the international society for companion animal infectious diseases. Vet Med Int. 2011;

Williams G, Craig JC Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011. 2011; 3

Canine urinary tract infection

22 September 2014
10 mins read
Volume 5 · Issue 7

Abstract

Canine urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in both first opinion and referral practice patients. Understanding the aetiology will help to identify those at-risk patients. Diagnosis incorporates findings from the history, clinical examination, complete urinalysis and urine culture. A UTI may be a primary disease or secondary to a wide array of underlying predisposing conditions. Recurrence of infection is likely unless any predisposing condition is identified and treated appropriately.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when an infectious agent adheres, multiplies and persists within the normally sterile urogenital system. Canine UTIs affect 14% of dogs during their lifetime (Ling, 1984) with 0.3% experiencing recurrent and persistent clinical signs (Norris et al, 2000).

Canine UTIs may occur as a primary disease or secondary to underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism or urinary retention (Forrester et al, 1999; Bubenik and Hosgood, 2008). Decreased host defence mechanisms and increased bacterial virulence are required for the establishment of a UTI (Lulich and Osborne, 2004). Seguin et al (2003) found 71% of dogs with a persistent or recurrent UTI had a primary disorder affecting normal host defences. The majority of UTIs involve bacterial inflammation of the lower urinary tract however potential complications include: struvite urolith formation; acute and chronic prostatitis in entire male dogs; pyelonephritis; renal failure; infertility; lumbosacral discospondylitis; and rarely, septicaemia.

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting The Veterinary Nurse and reading some of our peer-reviewed content for veterinary professionals. To continue reading this article, please register today.