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Cognitive dysfunction in older dogs and cats: the role of the veterinary nurse in screening

02 June 2015
Clinical
13 mins read
02 June 2015
Volume 6 · Issue 5

Abstract

Cognitive dysfunction is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It affects 14.2% of older dogs over 8 years of age. In cats, 28% aged 11 to 14 years develop one geriatric-onset behaviour problem. This increases to over 50% in cats 15 years of age and older. Detection of cognitive dysfunction in cats and dogs is by observation of clinical behavioural signs, often thought to be a normal part of ageing. Early recognition is crucial. Signs detected early are treatable or temporarily reversible.

This literature review focused on areas the veterinary nurse could influence in practice such as detection of behavioural signs and advice on diet, behaviour management and enrichment.

Results showed dietary and nutritional supplements as well as behavioural and environmental enrichment alongside medication can slow progression of cognitive dysfunction predominately in dogs. Regular screening of older pets and education of owners by veterinary nurses can help with early detection and referral to a veterinary surgeon. Future research should focus on further development of standardised, validated screening tools and management protocols.

Cognitive dysfunction is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder thought to be due to compromised cerebral blood flow, chronic free radical damage and amyloid deposition (Gunn-Moore et al, 2007). The term “cognition” covers a range of mental processes including perception, awareness, learning, memory and decision making, which together govern an animal's response in a given situation (Shettleworth, 2001).

Heiblum et al (2007) suggest an increase in geriatric population may allow time for cognitive dysfunction to be better observed and understood. Cats and dogs like humans are now living healthier, enriched and longer lives (American Association of Feline Practitioners, 2005) (Figures 1 and 2). The UK is estimated to have 2.5 million senior cats (11–14 years), approximately 30% of the pet cat population (Gunn-Moore, 2010). Cognitive dysfunction affects 14.2% of older dogs over 8 years of age (Salvin et al, 2010). In cats 28% of those aged 11 to 14 years develop one geriatric-onset behaviour problem (Gunn-Moore, 2010). This increases to over 50% in cats 15 years of age and older. Welfare and quality of life is a significant issue for these older animals (Landsberg et al, 2011).

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CDS (cognitive dysfunction syndrome)
questionnaires
cognition tests
rating scales
behaviour
environment