DCM is a common cause of congestive heart failure in dogs, and historically, was linked to large and giant breed dogs (Adin et al, 2019). DCM is characterised by poor systolic function and ventricular...
Detergents are very common household chemicals. They are found in a variety of cleaning products such as washing up liquids, toilet cleaners and fabric washing products and come in the form of...
The most widely accepted hypothesis is that the conformational changes described above result in the herniation of cerebellar tissue, which blocks the normal flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF),...
When the phospholipid (PLA2) layer of the cell membrane of tissue is injured or damaged, it leads to the activation and release of inflammatory mediators. These create an acidic environment referred...
Pheromones are biologically active semiochemicals (chemical signals from one organism to another capable of bringing about a change in the recipient organism); they are secreted from the body of one...
There is conflicting evidence as to the benefit of surgical management of different forms of elbow disease. In a study by Burton et al (2011) conservative management resulted in the same outcome in...
A uroabdomen may occur following blunt trauma to the abdomen or pelvis, such as a road traffic accident (RTA). Trauma to any part of the urinary system can result in a rupture, with damage to the...
The heart contains four chambers, the left and right atria and left and right ventricles. These four chambers receive and send blood through several vessels and valves to keep the body perfused with...
Fleas are laterally flattened, dark brown insects around 2–5 mm in size. Although fleas are wingless (Figure 1), they are highly mobile because of their strong hind legs adapted for jumping (Wright...
Muscle tissue is constantly undergoing both protein synthesis and protein breakdown, in both health and disease states. The balance between synthesis and breakdown processes determines whether...
The most common age for onset of clinical signs of developmental elbow disease is between 6 to 10 months of age, however some dogs only present as middle aged or older adults when they have advanced...
In ARDS inflammation is triggered by either a primary condition, such as septic shock or pancreatitis, or by a severe pulmonary insult which could include aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary contusions,...