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Mushroom poisoning

02 October 2016
15 mins read
Volume 7 · Issue 8

Abstract

Mushrooms or toadstools are the fruit bodies of fungi and there are many different species. Identification is difficult without specialised knowledge. The toxic compounds in fungi can affect the gastrointestinal, neurological, renal and hepatic systems. The information required for identification of specimens and the different clinical syndromes that can occur after ingestion of toxic fungi are described. In animals that have ingested a mushroom identification should always be attempted since this may reassure the owner and prevent unnecessary treatment or allow a full assessment of the potential risks and appropriate treatment.

Animals are most likely to be exposed to the reproductive part of fungus (the fruit body, a mushroom or toadstool) that is visible; the vegetative part of the fungus (the mycelium) is hidden within the substrate the fungus is growing on, e.g. in soil, tree bark, etc (Figure 1). There are many, many species of larger fungi and these fruit bodies are variable in shape, colour and size and these characteristics can change during development and later deterioration. The terms ‘mushroom’ and ‘toadstool’ are interchangeable and not helpful in deciding whether a fruit body is potentially toxic.

There are many cases of poisoning from mushroom ingestion in dogs but also in cats (Beug et al, 2006; Beug and Shaw, 2009; Tokarz et al, 2012; Herreria-Bustillo et al, 2013), cattle (Yee et al, 2012), sheep (Overås and Piqueras, 1979), horses (Hyde, 1990; Jones, 1990; Frazier et al, 2000), pigs (Galey et al, 1990) and a reptile (Fitzgerald and Newquist, 2008). Store-bought mushrooms are not hazardous to companion animals, but mushrooms that are poisonous to humans are also toxic to cats and dogs.

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