Flea allergy dermatitis: the continued challenge
Abstract
Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) is a progressive form of skin hypersensitivity in dogs and cats caused by exposure to flea saliva through flea bites. This condition represents a source of frustration to pet owners and veterinary practitioners. FAD is associated with a wide spectrum of dermatological manifestations, which can have a dramatic impact on the quality of life of the patient. Significant progress has been made in unravelling the pathogenesis of this disease. Research evidence suggests that both host- and flea-derived factors play a critical role in the pathophysiology of FAD. Despite the availability of effective modern anti-flea chemotherapeutic products, flea infestation and FAD remain a challenging problem. These facts underscore the importance of maintaining sustainable preventive measures, including a rational flea control regimen, judicious use of chemotherapeutic agents and pet owner education.
Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) are the most important ectoparasites on domestic dogs and cats worldwide (Blagburn and Dryden, 2009), except in northern Scandinavia where the louse is predominant. Figure 1 shows a cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), the dominant flea species in the UK, which causes flea infestations of dogs and cats. In Ireland the dominant species on dogs is the so-called dog flea Ctenocephalides canis. Besides causing discomfort to pets and their owners through biting, fleas cause flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) and act as vectors for a range of human and animal pathogens, such as Bartonella and Rickettsia species (Barrs et al, 2010).
FAD is described as a common cause of skin disease in dogs and cats (Scott et al, 2001). Most FAD cases occur in the late summer, corresponding to the peak of flea populations, although in warm climates flea infestations may persist throughout the year. Utilizing the diagnostic, treatment, and preventive recommendations outlined in this paper should allow for improved outcomes for a common and serious medical complication seen in dogs and cats infested with fleas.
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