References

Adams CL, Bonnett BN, Meek AH Owner response to companion animal death: development of a theory and practical implications. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 1999; 40:33-9

Adams CL, Bonnett BN, Meek AH Predictors of owner response to companion animal death in 177 clients from 14 practices in Ontario. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000; 217:1303-9

Adrian JA, Deliramich AN, Frueh BC Complicated grief and posttraumatic stress disorder in humans' response to the death of pets/animals. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 2009; 73:176-87

Interview. Blog post ‘struck enormous chord’. 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01crm6z (accessed 18 May 2014)

Carmack BJ The effects on family members and functioning after the death of a pet. Marriage and Family Review. 1985; 8:149-161

Casarett D, Kutner JS, Abrahm J Life after death: a practical approach to grief and bereavement. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134:208-15

Charles N Animals just love you as you are': experiencing kinship across the species barrier. Sociology. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513515353

Chur-Hansen A Companion animals and grief: people living with a companion animal, owners of live-stock and animal support workers. Clinical Psychologist. 2010; 14:14-21

Fernandez-Mehler P, Gloor P, Sager E, Lewis FI, Glaus TM Veterinarians' role for pet owners facing pet loss. Vet Rec. 2013; 172:(21) https://doi.org/10.1136/vr:101154

Fraser DOxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008

Hewson CJ: CJ Hewson Limited; 2013

Lagoni L, Durrance D, 2nd ed.. Lakewood, Colorado: American Animal Hospital Association Press; 2011

Latham CE, Morris A Effects of formal training in communication skills on the ability of veterinary students to communicate with clients. Vet Rec. 2007; 160:181-6

Machin L Loss responses at the end of life: A conceptual reflection. End of Life Journal. 2010; 4:(1)46-52

Marocchino KD In the shadow of a rainbow: the history of animal hospice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2011; 41:477-98

McCallum F, Bryant RA A Cognitive Attachment model of prolonged grief. Integrating attachments, memory and identity. Clinical Psychology Review. 2013; 33:713-27

Morley C, Fook J The importance of pet loss and some implications for services. Mortality: Promoting the interdisciplinary study of death and dying. 2005; 10:127-43

Morris P Managing pet owners' guilt and grief in veterinary euthanasia encounters. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 2012; 41:337-65

Nagraj S, Barclay S Bereavement care in primary care: a systematic literature review and narrative synthesis. Br J Gen Pract. 2011; 61:(582)e42-e48 https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp11X549009

London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2004

Packman W, Carmack BJ, Ronen R Therapeutic implications of continuing bonds expressions following the death of a pet. Omega. 2012; 64:335-56

Relf M, Machin L, Archer N Guidance For Bereavement Needs Assessment, 2nd edition. London: Help the Hospices; 2010

Sable P The pet connection: an attachment perspective. Clinical Social Work Journal. 2013; 41:93-9

Shanan A A veterinarian's role in helping pet owners with decision making. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2011; 41:635-46

Shaw JR, Lagoni L End-of-life communication in veterinary medicine: Delivering bad news and euthanasia decision-making. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2007; 37:95-108

Silverman J, Kurtz SM, Draper J, 2nd edition. Oxford: Radcliffe Publications; 2004

Stroebe W, Schut H, Stroebe MS Grief work, disclosure and counseling: Do they help the bereaved?. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005; 25:395-414

Taylor SC, Breen LJ Exploring pet loss for survivors of child sexual abuse: a hitherto unchartered terrain of trauma impact and recovery. Child Abuse Review. 2013; https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2279

Watters N, Ruff R, Weyer Jamora C Can post-traumatic stress disorder be caused by a traumatic injury to a companion pet?. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 2013; 5:182-6

Zilcha-Mano S, Mikulincer M, Shaver PR An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality. 2011; 45:345-57

The impact of pet loss: an update on the research and evidence-based ways to help grieving clients

02 July 2014
9 mins read
Volume 5 · Issue 6
Figure 3. The Loss of Your Pet client-care pack.
Figure 3. The Loss of Your Pet client-care pack.

Abstract

Grief on an animal's death is a normal reaction. However, although some support resources are available, including counsellors, helplines and online fora, there is little collective societal understanding of pet owners’ grief. In addition to personal and situational factors (e.g. age, coping style, how the animal died) that may shape or complicate clients’ grief, it may be compounded by guilt and the incomprehension of those around them. Thus, while most bereaved owners can adapt to life without their animal companion, many suffer unnecessarily in the process. Research continues on the complexities of grief for animals, but we still lack evidence for the most effective approaches to supporting bereaved clients. A pragmatic approach would follow the guidelines on human bereavement, using staff training and client-care resources so that: veterinary personnel did not make assumptions about the needs of grieving clients; and all newly bereaved owners received information about diverse support resources before their animals died or at the time of death. This article outlines some of the more recent research pertinent to pet owners’ grief. It also highlights evidence-based approaches to bridging the grief support gap with clients.

To the author's knowledge, the benefits of a comprehensive strategy on client support during animals’ end-of-life phase are not recognised by most veterinary practices. For example, clients’ receipt of information about grief and support is often not routine but depends on the judgement of the veterinarian, nurse or receptionist concerned. Practices that have an inconsistent or incomplete approach are likely to lose money and to fail some of their clients:

Grief is the term for the behavioural, social, psychological and emotional reactions that a person has in response to the ending of a significant relationship (Casarett et al, 2001). It is a spontaneous and normal response that enables people to adapt to life without that individual. Owners experience it when their animals die because they are attached to their animals (Adams et al, 1999; Sable, 2013). That is, as with human relationships, the relationship with the animal provides feelings of comfort and security, and other benefits, which are lost when the animal dies.

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting The Veterinary Nurse and reading some of our peer-reviewed content for veterinary professionals. To continue reading this article, please register today.