References

Animal Welfare Act. Gov.UK. 2006. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45/section/9 (last accessed 18.1.2021)

Copper Poisoning. 2020. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/poisoning/copper-poisoning (accessed 15 January, 2021)

Nutritional and ethical issues regarding vegetarianism in the domestic dog. 2009. https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/30471/brown-raan-2009-vegetarian-dog.pdf

Dawkins M The Science of Animal Suffering. Ethology. 1998; 114:(10)937-945 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01557.x

Dodd SAS, Cave NJ, Adolphe JL, Shoveller AK, Verbrugghe A Plant-based (vegan) diets for pets: a survey of pet owner attitudes and feeding practices. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14:(1) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210806

Can you Feed Cats and Dogs a Vegan Diet?. The Vegan Factor BBC Good Food. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200304-can-you-feed-cats-and-dogs-a-vegan-diet (accessed 12 April 2021)

Dhupa N, Proulx J Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1998; 28:(3)587-608 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(98)50057-5

FEDIAF The European Pet Food Industry. Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs. 2020. https://fediaf.org/images/FEDIAF_Nutritional_Guidelines_2020_20200917.pdf (accessed 5 January 2021)

Food Standards Agency. Food and You Survey, 2014. 2014. https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/media/document/food-and-you-2014-uk-bulletin-4.pdf (accessed 11 December 2020)

Freeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract. 2011; 52:(7)385-96 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x

Freitas R, Campos MM Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer-Related Complications. Nutrients. 2019; 11:(5) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050945

Hill RC, Choate CJ, Scott KC, Molenberghs G Comparison of the guaranteed analysis with the measured nutrient composition of commercial pet foods. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009; 234:(3)347-351 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.234.3.347

Hills Pet Nutrition. How Food Allergies Can Affect Your Dog. 2020. https://www.hillspet.co.uk/dog-care/healthcare/food-allergies-in-dogs (accessed 20 January 2021)

Ipsos Mori. Poll Conducted for the Vegan Society, Incidences of Vegans Research. 2016, 2019. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/migrations/en-uk/files/Assets/Docs/Polls/vegan-society-poll-2016-topline.pdf (accessed 12 December 2020)

Kanakubo K, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA Assessment of protein and amino acid concentrations and labeling adequacy of commercial vegetarian diets formulated for dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015; 247:(4)385-92 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.4.385

Kanakubo K, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA Determination of mammalian deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in commercial vegetarian and vegan diets for dogs and cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2017; 101:(1)70-74 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12506

Kather S, Grützner N, Kook PH, Dengler F, Heilmann RM Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020; 34:(1)13-28 https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15638

Kienzle E, Engelhard RA Field study on the nutrition of vegetarian dogs and cats in Europe. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2001; 23

Lund TB, McKeegan DEF, Cribbin C, Sandøe P Animal Ethics Profiling of Vegetarians, Vegans and Meat-Eaters, Anthrozoös. 2016; 29:(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1083192

Michel KE Unconventional diets for dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2006; 36:(6)1269-81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.003

Paul ES Empathy with Animals and with Humans: Are They Linked?. Anthrozoös. 2000; 13:(4)194-202 https://doi.org/10.2752/089279300786999699

Pawlosky RJ, Salem N Is dietary arachidonic acid necessary for feline reproduction?. J Nutr. 1996; 126:(4 Suppl)1081S-5S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.suppl_4.1081S

Pion P, Kittleson M, Rogers Q, Morris J Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: a reversible cardiomyopathy. Science. 1987; 237:(4816)764-768 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3616607

Regan TMaryland: Rowman and Littlefield; 2004

Richardson NJ, Shepherd R, Elliman NA Current attitudes and future influences on meat consumption in the U.K. Appetite. 1993; 21:(1)41-51 https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1993.1035

Singer P, 2nd Edition. : Cambridge University Press; 1998

Budwig Diet for Dogs. 2016. https://www.budwig-diet.co.uk/dogs/ (accessed 7 April 2021)

Taylor N, Signal TD Empathy and attitudes to animals. Anthrozoös. 2016; 18:(1)18-27 https://doi.org/10.2752/089279305785594342

Veganuary UK. Veganuary 2020 Official Survey Results. 2020. https://veganuary.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Survey-results-2020-abridged.pdf (accessed 7 April 2021)

V-Dog. Can Consuming Animal Protein Increase Your Cancer Risk?. 2021. https://v-dog.com/blogs/v-dog-blog/can-consuming-animal-protein-increase-your-cancer-risk?_pos=2&_sid=3c74bf820&_ss=r (accessed 8 April 2021)

White R, Frank E Health effects and prevalence of vegetarianism. West J Med. 1994; 160:(5)465-470

Wakefield LA, Shofer FS, Michel KE Evaluation of cats fed vegetarian diets and attitudes of their caregivers. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006; 229:(1)70-73 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.1.70

Zafalon RVA, Risolia LW, Vendramini THA Nutritional inadequacies in commercial vegan foods for dogs and cats. PLoS One. 2020; 15:(1) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227046

The legal, ethical and welfare implications of feeding vegan diets to dogs and cats

02 April 2021
15 mins read
Volume 12 · Issue 3
Table 1. Required nutrients for a nutritionally complete pet food diet

Abstract

Veganism is on the rise both in humans and in companion animals, with many owners citing animal welfare as their primary reason for adopting a vegan lifestyle. Feeding vegan diet to dogs and cats significantly impacts their welfare as it puts them at undue risk of developing diet-induced disorders, leaving owners liable to prosecution if they are unwilling to adhere to expert recommendations. As commercial vegan diets are a relatively new phenomena, more research needs to be conducted to understand the full effects. In the meantime, veterinary professionals should continue to educate owners on suitable diets based on the individual's requirements.

According to The Vegan Society (2020) veganism is defined as;

‘A philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose.’

There has been an exponential rise in the number of people living a vegan lifestyle; research conducted by The Vegan Society discovered that in 2014, 150 000 (0.25%) of the UK population identified as vegan, quadrupling to 600 000 (1.16%) in 2019 (Ipsos MORI, 2016 and 2019). Social media campaigns such as ‘Veganuary’ and ‘Meat Free Mondays’ may have influenced the popularity of a meatfree lifestyle; in 2020, 402 206 people signed up to Veganuary (Veganuary UK, 2020). Data collected annually from the British Social Attitudes (BSA) surveys have noted an overall decline in the consumption of meat and dairy products since 2012, with 29% of respondents having reduced their overall meat consumption. The most common reasons cited for adopting a meat-free lifestyle include: health benefits; taste; value for money; the environmental impact of meat farming; and animal welfare (Richardson et al, 1993; Veganuary UK, 2020).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting The Veterinary Nurse and reading some of our peer-reviewed content for veterinary professionals. To continue reading this article, please register today.