Canine pericardial effusion — a veterinary nurse's guide

Veterinary nurses (VNs) have a varied and complex role. VNs working in first opinion practices, referral hospitals or as part of a dedicated out of hours clinic may all encounter a patient with pericardial effusion. For this reason it is paramount all VNs have knowledge of its presenting signs and management so they can best advise the client, care for the patient and support the veterinary surgeon (VS). This article aims to provide VNs with a basic overview of the pathophysiology, causes and clinical signs, how to assist with pericardiocentesis and the nursing care of the patient afterwards. The aim is to provide VNs with the knowledge and confidence to assist in emergency situations and to provide patients with the best possible care.

The pericardium is a double-layered thin, paper like membrane which is attached to the heart at the base. It forms a protective sac and usually contains 2–10 ml of clear, thin, serous fluid which serves as a lubricant enabling the heart to beat freely (Aspinall and Cappello, 2009; Olcott and Sleeper, 2010a). Pericardial effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardium; this can be acute or chronic (Laste, 2016). The accumulation of fluid restricts the heart's ability to function resulting in poor circulation and delivery of oxygen and therefore poor tissue perfusion (McDermott, 2015).